These data support the kin-selection hypothesis for the evolution of cooperation among males. Males are related on the order of half-siblings, and homozygosity is significantly increased at several SSR loci compared to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Degrees of relatedness among individuals in one community were inferred from allele-sharing at eight nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. These cultural interpretations have "enhanced" evolutionarily based sex differences by a process of imposition which stigmatises the expression of aggression by females and causes women to offer excul- patory (rather than justificatory) accounts of their own aggression.read more read lessĪbstract: Hypotheses about chimpanzee social behavior, phylogeography, and evolution were evaluated by noninvasive genotyping of free-ranging individuals from 20 African sites. Women's aggression has been viewed as a gen- der-incongruent aberration or dismissed as evidence of irrationality. Under patriarchy, men have held the power to prop- agate images and attributions which are favourable to the continuance of their control. Consequently, female competition is more likely to take the form of indirect aggression or low-level direct combat than among males. Hence among females, disputes do not carry implications for status with them as they do among males, but are chiefly connected with the acquisition and defence of scarce resources. Females' concern with personal survival also has implications for sex dif- ferences in dominance hierarchies because the risks associated with hierarchy formation in nonbonded exogamous females are not off- set by increased reproductive success. The evolved mech- anism by which the costs of aggression (and other forms of risk taking) are weighted more heavily for females may be a lower threshold for fear in situations which pose a direct threat of bodily injury. The result is an even better book than the original - a lively and nuanced application of Darwin's insight to help explain our heritage and our place in the natural world.read more read lessĪbstract: Females' tendency to place a high value on protecting their own lives enhanced their reproductive success in the environment of evolutionary adaptation because infant survival depended more upon maternal than on paternal care and defence. Finally, through his motivation to control framework (introduction in the first edition and expanded in "The Origin of Mind", 2005), Geary presents a theoretical bridge linking parenting, mate choices, and competition, with children's development and sex differences in brain and cognition. DNA finger printing to determine paternity as related to male-male competition in primates) fatherhood in humans cross-cultural patterns of sex differences in choosing and competing for mates and, genetic, hormonal, and socio-cultural influences on the expression of sex differences. New findings in brain and genetic research inform a wealth of new material, including a new chapter on sex differences in patterns of life history development expanded coverage of genetic research (e.g. Now, over ten years since the first edition, Geary has completed a massive update, expansion and theoretical revision of his classic text. Using the principles of sexual selection such as female choice and male-male competition, the author systematically reviewed and discussed the evolution of sex differences and their expression throughout the animal kingdom, as a means of not just describing but explaining the same process in Homo sapiens. In his landmark book "Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences", author David Geary provided the first comprehensive evolutionary model to explain human sex differences. Abstract: Why do girls tend to earn better grades in school than boys? Why are men still far more likely than women to earn degrees in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics? And why are men on average more likely to be injured in accidents and fights than women? These and many other questions are the subject of both informal investigation in the media and formal investigation in academic and scientific circles.
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